Harvard University (English: Harvard University), also known as Harvard University, is a private university, a member of the Ivy League located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. With its history, influence and reputation, Harvard is one of the most prestigious universities in the world.[8][9][10][11][12]
Founded in 1636 by the Massachusetts Bay Colony Legislature and soon named after John Harvard, who donated his wealth to the school, Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. [13] Although it never had a formal relationship with any sect, Harvard College (Harvard College, later the undergraduate school of the Harvard University Institute) in its early days primarily trained Protestant pastor of the Autonomous Congregational denomination. The schoolâs curriculum and student body gradually became secular in the 18th century, and by the 19th century Harvard had emerged as a major cultural institution for Bostonâs elite.[ 14][15] After the American Civil War, Charles W. Eliot during his long tenure as president (from 1869 to 1909) transformed the university and its affiliated professional schools into a modern university. . Harvard was a founding member of the North American Association of Universities in 1900.[16] James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II, and after the war began to reform its curriculum and expand its enrollment. Harvard College became a coeducational institution in 1977 when it merged with Radcliffe College.
Harvard University is organized into 11 academic units - 10 undergraduate departments and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study - with campuses scattered throughout the Boston metropolitan area:[17] the main campus is 209 acres (85 hectares) is located in the city of Cambridge, about 3 miles (4.8 km) northwest of Boston; The School of Business and athletic facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in the Allston section of Boston; and the School of Medicine, School of Dentistry, and School of Public Health are located in the Longwood Medical Campus.[7] Among U.S. presidents, eight are Harvard alumni; About 150 Nobel laureates are students, faculty, or staff of this university. Additionally, there are 62 living billionaires and 335 Rhodes Scholars, most living in the United States, who are Harvard alumni.[18][19] The Harvard University Library is also the largest university library in the United States.[20] As of June 2013, Harvardâs total endowment was $32.3 billion, larger than any other academic institution in the world.[3]
History
Colonial period
Paul Revereâs bas-relief of Harvard College, 1767.
Harvard was founded in 1636 following a vote of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Legislature. Originally called New College or âcollege in New Towneâ. In 1638, the university became home to the first known printing press in North America, brought from England by the ship John of London.[21][22] In 1639, the school was renamed Harvard College, after pastor John Harvard (1607-1638), a former student of Cambridge University in England, who donated property to the school. When John Harvard died, he left the school 779 pounds (half of his fortune) and about 400 books.[23]
In its early years, Harvard College trained many Puritan ministers.[24] The schoolâs curriculum was based on the English university model - many colonial leaders studied at Cambridge University - with classical subjects but adapted to the prevailing Puritan philosophy. at that time. Although never affiliated with any denomination, many Harvard graduates became pastors of Congregational and Unitarian churches throughout New England.[25] An introductory pamphlet, published in 1643, described the universityâs founding as responding to a desire âto promote and perpetuate learning, lest it should otherwise be left behind.â uneducated monk for the church".[26]
Bostonâs leading pastor, Increase Mather, served as rector from 1685 to 1701. In 1708, John Leverett became the first non-clerical rector; This marked the transformation of Harvard University, making it intellectually independent from Puritan influence.
Nineteenth century
During the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas about the power of reason and free will became popular among Congregational pastors, placing them and their congregations in tension. directly with Calvinist groups that hold more traditional views.[27] When Divinity Professor David Tappan died in 1803 and Harvard President Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, a struggle arose to find a replacement. Henry Ware was selected for position gprofessor of theology in 1805, and Samuel Webber â a liberal â was appointed rector two years later, marking a change from a time when traditionalist ideas were dominant. at Harvard to the era of liberal ideas along the lines of Jacobus Arminius.[27][29]
Watercolor painting by Richard Rummell, 1906.[30]
In 1846, Louis Agassizâs lectures on natural history were warmly welcomed in both New York and on the campus of Harvard University. Agassizâs approach was idealistic in a completely different way and laid the basis for American âparticipation in the Divine Beingâ and the ability to understand âintellectual beings.â Agassizâs vision of science combined observation with intuition and assumed that one could grasp a âdivine planâ in all phenomena. This dualistic view of knowledge is consistent with the ideas of experiential sensory realism originating from the Scottish philosophers Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart, whose works were included in the Harvard curriculum in at that time.[31]
Charles W. Eliot, president from 1869â1909, excluded from the curriculum the privileged position of Christianity while allowing students to take their own initiative. Although Eliot was the most pivotal figure in the secularization of American higher education, he did so not out of a desire to secularize education but out of Transcendentalist Unitarian beliefs. ). Originating from William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson, these beliefs focus on the dignity and worth of human nature, the right and ability of each person to receive truth, and the divinity that lies within each person. .[32]
XXth century
Throughout the twentieth century, Harvardâs international reputation grew as endowments increased and distinguished professors expanded the universityâs sphere of influence. Student enrollment also increased as new graduate schools were established and the universityâs undergraduate education expanded. Radcliffe College, founded in 1879 as a sister school to Harvard University, became one of the leading schools for women in the United States.[33] Harvard became a founding member of the North American Association of Universities in 1900.[16]
James Bryant Conant, who served as chancellor from 1933 to 1953, revitalized creative scholarship and secured its place at the forefront of research institutions. Conant viewed higher education as providing opportunity for the talented rather than as a right of the rich, and he transformed programs to identify, attract, and support talented young people. . In 1943, he asked the faculty to make a definitive statement about what general education should be, both at the high school and college levels. The âReportâ received, published in 1945, is one of the most influential declarations in the history of American education of the twentieth century.[34]
Drew Gilpin Faust, served as president from 2007 to 2018.
During the period 1945-1960, admission policies were expanded to attract students from many different backgrounds. The college for undergraduates now draws middle-class students from public schools, rather than drawing primarily from a handful of New England college preparatory schools; More Jewish and Catholic students are admitted, although there are still fewer black, Hispanic, or Asian students.[35]
Female students still study exclusively at Radcliffe, although more and more are taking classes at Harvard. In addition, Harvardâs undergraduate student body is still mainly male, with about every four male students attending Harvard University, there is one female student attending Radcliffe. Following the initiation of joint admission by Harvard and Radcliffe in 1977, the composition of female undergraduate students steadily increased, reflecting the general trend in American higher education. Harvardâs graduate schools, which admitted women and other student groups in larger numbers, also became more diverse in the post-World War II period. In 1999, Radcliffe College officially merged with Harvard University and became the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.
XXI century
Drew Gilpin Faust, President of Radcliffe College, became Harvardâs first female president in 2007. She was appointed after her predecessor, Lawrence Summers, resigned in 2006.[36]
Academic
University structure
Littauer Building, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
Harvard University currently has the following university departments:
The Faculty of Arts and Sciences, responsible for educational activities in
Harvard University (Harvard College, founded in 1636), trains students in undergraduate programs.
Graduate School of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Graduate School of âŚ
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